儿童白血病障碍

概述

人体会产生白细胞（白血球），其帮助抵抗细菌感染、病毒和真菌。一般来说，白细胞太少或太多会导致：

• 白细胞计数低（白细胞减少症），即血液循环中的白细胞太少。白细胞长期计数低会增加感染风险，其可能由许多不同疾病和状况引起。
• 白细胞计数高（白细胞增多症），即血液循环中的白细胞太多，通常是由于感染所致。许多不同的疾病和状况可能引起白细胞长期计数高。

白细胞有几种类型，各有不同的抗病活性。以下是主要类型：

• 中性粒细胞
• 淋巴细胞
• 单核细胞
• 嗜酸性粒细胞
• 嗜碱性粒细胞

涉及特定类型白细胞的白血病障碍包括：

• 中性粒细胞减少症。中性粒细胞减少症是指中性粒细胞数量少。中性粒细胞是一种抵抗真菌和细菌感染的白细胞。中性粒细胞减少症可能由癌症或损害骨髓的疾病、障碍或感染引起。此外，某些药物和其他疾病或病症也会导致中性粒细胞减少症。
• 淋巴细胞减少症。淋巴细胞减少症是指淋巴细胞减少。淋巴细胞是一种白细胞，可保护您的身体免受病毒感染。淋巴细胞减少症可能由遗传综合征引起，与某些疾病有关，或是有关药物或其他治疗的副作用。
• 单核细胞疾病。单核细胞有助于清除死亡或受损组织，并调节身体的免疫反应。感染、癌症、自身免疫病和其他疾病可能导致单核细胞数量增加。其数量减少可能是由于毒素、化疗和其他原因所致。
• 嗜酸性粒细胞增多症。嗜酸性粒细胞增多症是指嗜酸性粒细胞数量高于正常水平。嗜酸性粒细胞是一种抗病白细胞。嗜酸性粒细胞增多症可能由多种病症和异常引起，最常见的是过敏反应或寄生虫感染。
• 嗜碱性粒细胞疾病。嗜碱性粒细胞占白细胞数量的比例较少，但它们能在伤口愈合、感染和过敏反应中发挥作用。过敏反应或感染可导致嗜碱性粒细胞数量减少。其数量的增加可能是由某些类型的血癌或其他疾病引起。

Types

There are several types of white blood cells. Each has its own disease-fighting activity. These are the main types:

• Neutrophils. More than half the body's white blood cells are neutrophils. Having too few neutrophils is called neutropenia (noo-troe-PEE-nee-uh). Neutrophils fight infections caused by bacteria or fungi.
• Lymphocytes. Too few lymphocytes causes lymphocytopenia (lim-foe-sie-toe-PEE-nee-uh). Lymphocytes, also called T cells and B cells, mainly protect against viral infections.
• Monocytes. These white cells help rid the body of dead or damaged tissue. And they help the body's immune response.
• Eosinophils. Eosinophilia (e-o-sin-o-FIL-e-uh) is a having too many eosinophil cells. These cells help with swelling and irritation, called inflammation. They also help with parasites and allergies.
• Basophils. This is the least common type of white blood cell. Basophils have a role in wound healing, asthma and allergic reactions.

症状

Symptoms depend on the type of white blood cell and whether there are too few or too many of them. Symptoms might be those of infections, conditions in which the immune system attacks healthy tissues, called autoimmune conditions, allergies and certain cancers.

病因

The cause of pediatric white blood cell disorders depends on the type of white blood cell that's affected.

Neutropenia

Cancer and conditions that damage bone marrow can cause this low neutrophil count. Certain medicines, infections and other conditions also can cause neutropenia.

Lymphocytopenia

Syndromes passed through families, known as inherited syndromes, can cause too few lymphocytes. Lymphocytopenia also is linked with infections, cancer and conditions in which the body attacks its own tissue, called autoimmune conditions. And it can be a side effect of some medicines or other treatments.

Monocyte disorders

Infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can cause a rise in the number of monocytes. Toxins, chemotherapy and other causes can result in too few monocytes.

Eosinophilia

Allergic reactions, skin conditions or infections with parasites are the most common causes of having too many eosinophil cells.

Basophilic disorders

Allergic reactions or infections can lower the number of basophils. Certain types of blood cancer and other conditions can raise the number of basophils.

风险因素

The following factors can raise the risk of pediatric white blood cell disorders:

• Family history.
• Infections.
• Cancer.
• Allergies.
• Conditions in which the body attacks its own cells, called autoimmune conditions.
• Certain medicines.